According to SIPRI, China received 18 per cent of Russia’s total arms exports, making the country the second-largest recipient of major arms from Russia behind India. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated in a report released in December that from 2016 to 2020, 77 per cent of China’s total arms imports were from Russia.
More than 90 percent of Chinese arms are either of Soviet or Russian origin. China still possesses a stockpile of Soviet-built arms. Chinese arms are fully compatible, in fact, identical to Russian arms.
While China has gradually shifted to manufacturing its military hardware, much of its imported weaponry still comes from Russia. This collaboration has persisted since the end of the Cold War in the 1990s.
Russia brings Iranian arms from Syria
The passage of a sanctioned cargo ship from Syria to a Russian port shows how Moscow is bringing equipment home again.
A merchant ship under US sanctions passed Turkey’s Bosphorus Strait on its way from Syria to Russia late last month. European intelligence officials who tracked the Sparta II say it carried military vehicles to bolster President Vladimir Putin’s war in Ukraine.
The ship’s journey to the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk underlines the Kremlin’s efforts to tap resources for the invasion in its sixth month, as supply lines strain under the pressure of Europe’s largest military campaign since World War II.
While Ukraine has received billions of dollars of weapons from the US and Europe to help defend itself, Russia must rely on its own resources to support frontline forces amid reports of extensive losses. Tens of thousands of Russian troops have been killed or wounded and thousands of armored vehicles destroyed, according to US estimates.
An official familiar with the matter said the US government believed Russia has been using merchant vessels to move military cargo to the Black Sea, echoing the European intelligence reports. The official asked not to be identified discussing confidential matters.
The Sparta II almost certainly brought military vehicles from Syria’s Tartus port that’s used by Russia, according to the intelligence officials and July 17-25 satellite imagery seen by Bloomberg. They said the exact nature of the vehicles was unclear. The ship was seen in Syria with vehicles in its hold, spotted crossing the Bosphorus Strait and later identified in Novorossiysk with at least 11 vehicles it was likely offloading.
Maritime tracking data show the ship owned by a company the US sanctioned in May that’s controlled by the Russian Defense Ministry made the journey on those dates, apparently unhindered by NATO member Turkey.
Ankara invoked the Montreux Convention to close the strait to warships soon after Putin’s Feb. 24 invasion, though commercial shipping can pass through. According to the people, Russia used cargo ships from the company, Oboronlogistika OOO, on the same route on other occasions this year. It has ferried military cargo multiple times from Russia to Syria.
A US State Department spokesperson referred queries to the Turkish government. A Turkish official familiar with the issue said a merchant ship would only be examined if there was a tip-off or suspicion of wrongdoing. A White House spokesperson declined to comment on whether the US has spoken with Turkish officials about the situation. The Kremlin and Oboronlogistika didn’t immediately respond to requests to comment.
To be sure, Russia built up massive stockpiles of armaments during a decade-long modernization program overseen by Putin, and Kremlin officials deny any resupply problems. Still, US and European officials say the loss of large numbers of tanks and armored personnel carriers is forcing Moscow to dip into stocks of older equipment, including decades-old T-62 tanks.
Like Russia, Ukraine hasn’t disclosed the scale of its military losses though it has faced logistical challenges against a much larger foe, particularly earlier in the war. President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said in a July 22 interview with the Wall Street Journal that battlefield casualties had fallen to about 30 per day from a high of 100-200 daily in May-June, a number that has not been independently verified.
Putin has had troops in Syria since ordering a 2015 operation to shore up its embattled President Bashar al-Assad. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu in 2017 said the military tested more than 160 types of advanced weaponry, including fighter jets, laser-guided missiles, tanks, electronic warfare methods and air-defense systems.
There are indications the Kremlin has looked elsewhere for additional resources, too.
Tensions have flared between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region in recent weeks amid reports denied by Moscow that Russia has thinned out a peacekeeping force of up to 2,000 troops to send to Ukraine. The US in March said Russia had diverted some troops to Ukraine from Georgia’s breakaway region of South Ossetia, where it’s kept thousands of soldiers since fighting a 2008 war.
Russia is turning to Iran to try to buy armed drones, CIA Director William Burns told a US security forum last month, saying it indicated “the deficiencies of Russia’s defense industry today, and the difficulties they’re having after significant losses.”
North Korea may become an unlikely new source of artillery as it has systems of decent quality and last month recognized the Kremlin-controlled Donetsk and Luhansk people’s republics in eastern Ukraine as independent, according to one person with knowledge of Russian defense policy, asking not to be identified discussing sensitive issues.
Russian shipments from Syria are likely feeding into its overall logistics as Novorossiysk is used to resupply bases in neighboring Crimea that Putin annexed in 2014, and from there to occupied Kherson and Zaporizhzhia in southern Ukraine, one of the European intelligence officials said. Russia has recently redeployed forces and equipment to the area as Ukraine threatens a counteroffensive in the Kherson region.
Three ways Russia can import Chinese arms
The first option for Russia is to buy Chinese arms from Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Uzbekistan and Algeria and then ship those arms to Belarus destined for Russia. China later replenishes those stocks to Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Uzbekistan and Algeria with newer stocks. This option will be trackable through the international shipping tracking system such as real-time ship positions and marine traffic detected by the global AIS network.
The second option would be for Russia pays China to buy arms and then China ships those arms to third-country such as Nigeria, Myanmar and Pakistan. From there on shipping companies fabricate shipping declarations for civilian products and ship Chinese arms to Russia or shipping companies switch off AIS vessel tracking systems and travel to Belarus or Russia. North Korea and Iran use the second option to import and export goods to European and Asian markets.
Countries like Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Algeria might opt for the second option because the first option makes them direct arms suppliers to Russia.
US Treasury
The third option is a proven method by North Korea to supply arms to Egypt, Syria and Myanmar. Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan would prefer the third option as it is ship-to-ship transfer in high-sea. North Korea made $200 million each year by transferring arms to conflict zones around the globe. North Korea is also believed to have supplied weapons to Syria and Myanmar using ship-to-ship transfer.
With the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms, military ties have been either downgraded or cut. In 2018, however, the UN found that North Korea is selling ballistic and surface-to-air missiles and other weapons to Myanmar through its weapons export arm Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation.
Russia buys Chinese arms from the third country
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, China ranked as the world’s fourth biggest arms exporter in 2019-2020. The United States was first, Russia second and France third.
About 60% of China’s exports went to Algeria, Bangladesh and Pakistan from 2016-2020, according to figures from the Stockholm institute, a widely cited source for armed conflict information. The institute says Pakistan, a Chinese ally that periodically spars with India, took 38% of all exports from China during that period.
Backed by a mature manufacturing base, China has perfected drone technology – especially for civilian use – and learned other weapons-making techniques from Russia, analysts believe. China has “opportunities” now in shipbuilding, Koh said.
Cheap, but not reliable
Despite accumulating more advanced weapons in recent years, China has much older and more outdated equipment built using technology from the former Soviet Union. Even some of its modern weapon systems are based on reversed reengineering of competitors’ products. So much so that it is said that “China’s military is built with cloned weapons”.
It is said that China’s copycat business of arms production has been encouraged by its ruling elites who seem content to allow other nations to develop products and technology, which they can then acquire legitimately through licensing or illegitimately through counterfeiting and espionage.
This approach allows China to stay competitive on the world stage while saving them the time and money it would cost to develop their own products.
According to SIPRI, from 2016 to 2020, 38 per cent of China’s total arms exports went to Pakistan, 17 percent to Bangladesh, 8.2 percent to Algeria and Myanmar. The number of countries China exports to has also increased, from 40 countries during the five-year period from 2010 to 2014 to 53 countries from 2015 to 2019.
In 2019, SIPRI ranked Norinco, Avic, CETC and CSGC seventh, eighth, 10th, and 14th among the top 25 arms-producing companies in the world, respectively.
He added that the lack of combat testing for most Chinese hardware leaves some buyers wondering how well it works. Many types of American-made gear have weathered combat and enjoy more name recognition among importers.
Chinese drones and small arms miserable failed in Iraq, Syria and Libya. Syria halts imports of air defense systems from China because cheap Chinese military hardware has reliability issues.
Collin Koh, a maritime security research fellow at the university, said Chinese arms are often cheaper than comparable products from other exporters, but after-sale service support can be costly.
Russia left with no options
Russia moved a significant number of troops to Crimea in preparation for deployment in southern Ukraine from the eastern Donbas region, adding to pressure on its logistical supply routes.
Rather than a large-scale offensive, Ukraine may be seeking to lure Russian forces to the Kherson area where they’ll be more vulnerable to attack, Phillips O’Brien, professor of strategic studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, said Aug. 7 on Twitter. “Moreover, the supply issue for the Russians is far trickier with rivers where bridges can be severed and only a few heavy rail lines,” he said.
The Pentagon says it has supplied $9.1 billion in defense assistance to Ukraine since February, including $1 billion announced Monday to boost supplies of long-range artillery munitions, anti-tank weapons and medical vehicles. The government in Kyiv has also received billions more in weapons from the UK and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies.
Ukrainian forces using US-supplied HIMARS long-range artillery have recently targeted Russian supply lines and ammunition stores behind the front with increasing effectiveness and key infrastructure.
“Western arms shipments are allowing Ukraine to strike bridges, which is complicating logistics and supplies,” said Igor Korotchenko, head of the Moscow-based Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade. “Still, artillery and attack aircraft are the key weapons in our current offensive and we don’t have any shortages of either.”
As many as 80,000 Russian troops have been killed or wounded in the war, US Undersecretary of Defense for policy Colin Kahl said Monday at a regular Pentagon briefing. The US assessment was also that Russia had used up a significant percentage of its precision-guided munitions including air- and sea-launched missiles and lost as many as 7,000 tanks and other armored vehicles, he said.
“A lot of that is because of the anti-armor systems like Javelin, like the AT4, but also frankly because of the creativity and ingenuity in the way the Ukrainians have used those systems,” he said.
Putin hasn’t sought to bolster his military by ordering a mass mobilization, likely because that would risk forcing the Russian public to confront the costs of a war he’s kept at arm’s length from them so far. But regional officials have offered cash incentives to encourage people to volunteer on short-term contracts, while the lower house of parliament in May abolished an upper age limit for army service.
The Russian government also moved last month to boost arms production by seeking powers to ease labor regulations in defense companies, citing the “short-term increased need to repair weapons and military equipment.”
Russian military systems lean on microelectronics components designed and produced in the US, Europe and east Asia, according to a new report from the Royal United Services Institute in London, based on an examination of the remains of equipment used in Ukraine.
Even as it seeks to shore up its army on the battlefield, Russian gains in the east of Ukraine have continued to be extremely limited and slow in recent days, according to intelligence officials.
Russia is left with the second last option to buy Chinese arms from third-country or use the last option which is the use of tactical nuclear weapons.
Vasily Kashin, a Russian military expert at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics, said nations shouldn’t underestimate Russia’s resources. But he said importing weapons might still be worthwhile, noting North Korea has long-range multi-launch rocket systems that are “more powerful than Russia.”
“Of course, Russia has some problems on the battlefield, but we see no proof that it imports any weapons for its war against Ukraine,” he said. “However, it might be worth doing.”
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